When is a rose not a rose? When it is a charitable donation not made for philanthropic purposes and it violates the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). I thought about that concept when reviewing the Eli Lilly and Company (Lilly) FCPA enforcement action brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) late last month. The Lilly enforcement action discussed a bribery scheme utilized by Lilly in Poland. The scheme and FCPA violations mirrored an earlier FCPA enforcement action, also brought by the SEC as a civil matter, rather than by the Department of Justice (DOJ) as a criminal matter, against another US entity Schering-Plough, for making charitable donations in Poland which violated the FCPA. One of the remarkable things about both of these enforcement actions, brought almost eight years apart, was that they involved improper payments to the same Polish charitable foundation to wrongfully influence the same Polish government official to purchase products from both of these companies.
I.?????????????????? The Bribery Schemes
Both companies were involved in negotiations for the sale of products with the Director of the Silesian Health Fund (Health Fund). He had also established a charitable foundation, the Chudow Foundation to engage in restoration of ancient castles in Poland. Both companies made donations to the Chudow Foundation at or near the time decisions were made regarding the purchase of their respective products by the Health Fund. The FCPA books and records violations for the donations stated that they were all mischaracterized on the respective company?s books. The donations were made by each company with the description for the donations as follows:
LILLY BOX SCORE OF DONATIONS MADE TO CHUDOW FOUNDATION
| ? | Date | Amount of Donation | Listed Reason for Donation |
| 1 | 6/21/2000 | $2,730 | Purchase of computers |
| 2 | 11/13/2000 | $1,855 | To support the foundation in its goal to develop activities in [Chudow Castle]. It was also noted that the ?value of the request? was indirect support of educational efforts of foundation settled by Silesian [Health Fund] |
| 3 | 5/22/2001 | $8,019 | Rental of castle for conferences |
| 4 | 11/05/2001 | $2,438 | Rental of castle for conferences |
| 5 | 3/27/2002 | $7,779 | Rental of castle for conferences |
| 6 | 6/14/2002 | $7,434 | Rental of castle for conferences |
| 7 | 11/20/2002 | $5,112 | Rental of castle for conferences |
| 8 | 1/29/2003 | $2,622 | Rental of castle for conferences |
| ? | Total | $37,989 |
Although all of these donations were approved by a team within Lilly, the ?Medical Grant Committee [MGC]?, who reviewed the request for such donations, the MGC?s approval was ?largely based on the justification and description in the submitted paperwork.? While Requests 1 & 2 may have had tangential value to the stated purpose of the Chudow Foundation to restore castles in Poland, even Request 3 was clearly a quid pro quo as an action to obtain business. Just as clearly, ?rental of castle? is not a charitable donation but an expenditure, even with that understanding, the SEC Complaint noted that Lilly held no conferences at any castles so it was an outright misrepresentation.
SCHERING-PLOUGH BOX SCORE OF DONATIONS MADE TO CHUDOW FOUNDATION
| ? | Date | Amount of Donation | Listed Reason for Donation |
| 1 | 2/23/1999 | $777 | Covering fight against viral hepatitis |
| 2 | 3/17/2000 | $4,909 | Support of health campaign within county of Gliwice |
| 3 | 7/19/2000 | $8,065 | Financing second stage of health prevention campaign in Gliwice |
| 4 | 11/8/2000 | $8,766 | Financing for the Foundation |
| 5 | 12/20/2000 | $9,292 | Financing second stage of research |
| 6 | 3/19/2001 | $4,340 | Financing lung cancer prevention program |
| 7 | 3/22/2001 | $4,854 | Financing screening examinations to detect skin cancer |
| 8 | 4/25/2001 | $4,958 | Support of lung cancer prevention program |
| 9 | 6/4/2001 | $5,019 | Support of lung cancer prevention program |
| 10 | 10/29/2001 | $4,878 | Support of a coronary disease prevention program and promote the image of the company in the medical community |
| 11 | 12/18/2001 | $10,067 | Support of an anti-chain smoking health program and promote the company as one that cares about the people of Silesia |
| 12 | 12/19/2001 | $5,067 | Financing of Foundation |
| 13 | 3/25/2002 | $4,868 | Support actions of Foundation in preventing infectious diseases of the liver |
| ? | Total | $75,860 |
The Schering-Plough SEC Complaint noted that the company Manager involved in the payment scheme, ?provided false medical justifications for most of the payments on the documents that he submitted to the company?s finance department.? Additionally, he structured the payments so that they were at or below his approval limit so that he did not have to ask for permission to make the improper payments. The Manager in question viewed the donations as ?dues that were required to be paid for assistance from the Director.?
II.??????????????? The Red Flags for Charitable Donation
?a. ? ? Schering-Plough
What were the factors which should become red flags for the review of charitable donations under the FCPA? The Schering-Plough SEC Complaint listed several items which it deemed indicia of red flags.
1.????? No due diligence. The first is that no due diligence was performed on the charity to identify the Director of the Silesian Health Fund as the founder or his role in the Chudow Foundation.
2.????? Donations not related to health care. While the company permitted donations to healthcare related programs there was no follow up to determine the purposes or uses of the donated funds.
3.????? Outside normal range of donation. The next red flag was that the donations made to this single charitable foundation approximately 40% of the company?s promotional budget in 2000 and 20% in 2001.
4.????? Disproportionate sales. The company?s sales increased disproportionately compared with its own sales of the same products in other areas of Poland. Up to 53% of one product was sold in the region run by the Director of the Silesian Health Fund.
b. ?Lilly
The Lilly SEC Complaint listed several items which it deemed indicia of red flags.
1.????? No due diligence. Once again there was no due diligence performed on the charity to identify the Director of the Silesian Health Fund as the founder or his role in the Chudow Foundation.
2.????? Donations not related to health care. Unlike Schering-Plough, the reasons listed for the charitable donations did not relate to health care. Moreover, they were approved by a Lilly committee specifically tasked with reviewing such requests failed to investigate beyond the submitted paperwork, which was apparently not correct.
3.????? Outside normal range of donation. The SEC Complaint quoted an email from a Lilly manager who said that he had decided to commit 70-75% of the [charitable donation] budget and the Director of the Silesian Health Fund was given a ?free hand to manage the Lilly investment, emphasizing the fact we only doing this for him??
4.????? Suspicious Timing. The donations were made at or near the time that decisions on the purchase of Lilly products were made by the Director of the Silesian Health Fund. One donation was made two days are the Director of the Silesian Health Fund agreed to make a purchase of Lilly products.
Here Lilly used charitable donations to a charitable foundation which was, as stated in the SEC Complaint, ?founded and administered by the head of one of the regional government health authorities at the same time that the subsidiary was seeking the official?s support for placing Lilly drugs on the government reimbursement list.? There were a total of eight payments made to the charitable foundation. In addition to the charitable donations made, Lilly ?falsely characterized the proposed payments?. Lilly had a group which reviewed the request for such donations called the ?Medical Grant Committee [MGC]? which approved the payments ?largely based on the justification and description in the submitted paperwork.?
III.?????? The Role of Internal Audit
Jon Rydberg, Principal of Orchid Advisors, has categorized the Lilly situation as one of a failure of internal controls. I would add that there was also a failure of internal audit. What does internal audit need to review in the context of charitable donations under the FCPA? Internal audit needs to start with the DOJ FCPA Guidance regarding charitable donations. Internal audit should begin by asking the following five initial questions:
(1)?? What is the purpose of the payment?
(2)?? Is the payment consistent with the company?s internal guidelines on charitable giving?
(3)?? Is the payment at the request of a foreign official?
(4)?? Is a foreign official associated with the charity and, if so, can the foreign official make decisions regarding your business in that country?
(5)?? Is the payment conditioned upon receiving business or other benefits?
Next internal audit should make inquiries based upon the DOJ Opinion Releases issued regarding charitable donations. Some of the protections a company can do to comply with the FCPA regarding charitable donations are as follows:
1)????? Have the donation recipients certified that they or the entity will comply with the requirements of the FCPA;
2)????? Has the recipient provided audited financial statements; and
3)????? Has the recipient restricted the use of the donated funds to humanitarian or charitable purposes only;
4)????? Were the funds transferred to a valid bank account; and
5)????? Ongoing auditing and monitoring of the efficacy of the charitable donation program.
Based upon the Schering-Plough and Lilly SEC enforcement actions, there are some additional inquiries that internal audit should make, they are as follows:
a.????? What was the timing of the charitable donation or promise to make a donation in relation to the obtaining or retaining of business?
b.????? Did the company follow its normal protocol for requesting, reviewing and making a charitable donation or is there a pattern of unusual donations outside the protocol?
c.?????? Did any one person make multiple donations just below their authority level so that it did not have to go up the line for review?
d.????? Was the total amount donated to one charitable foundation out of proportion to the rest of the country or region?s charitable donation budget?
e.?????? Did the sales in one area, region or country spike after a pattern of charitable donations?
The information on the red flags from the prior Opinion Releases and the best practices, as set out in the FCPA Guidance, have been available for some time. I think that the information found in both the Schering-Plough and Lilly enforcement actions have a different focus for internal audit. In addition to looking at the timing of charitable donations to see if they are at or near the time of the awarding of new or continued business, I think that internal audit may now need to look at overall increases in sales to determine if they are tied to a pattern of charitable donations. I once heard my colleague Henry Mixon explain how the award of a contract may be the product of fraud or corruption. By looking at the timing and quantum of charitable donations, internal audit may be able to ascertain that a spike in sales is tied to corrupt conduct. This may not be something that is on the current radar of auditors when they review charitable donations, but may now be something they need to consider.
This publication contains general information only and is based on the experiences and research of the author. The author is not, by means of this publication, rendering business, legal advice, or other professional advice or services. This publication is not a substitute for such legal advice or services, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your business. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your business, you should consult a qualified legal advisor. The author, his affiliates, and related entities shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person or entity that relies on this publication. The Author gives his permission to link, post, distribute, or reference this article for any lawful purpose, provided attribution is made to the author. The author can be reached at tfox@tfoxlaw.com.
? Thomas R. Fox, 2013
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